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University of Texas Bulledn 

!!ro. i»41: 9vly 20, 1018 




VISUAL INSTRUCTION THROUGH LANTERN 
SLIDES AND MOTION PICTURE FILMS 

By 

WILLIAM R. D\TFFEY 
Head of the Division Of '^/j sual Instmction 




PUBLISHBD BY THE UNIVERSITY SIX TIMES A MONTH. AND ENTERED AS 

SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE POSTOFFICE AT AUSTIN. TEXAS. 

UNDER THE ACT OF AUGUST i«. WB 




I 



The benefits of education and of 
u«ieful kn<>\vle<l}>e, generally diffused 
thioujih a cominunity, are essential 
to I lie preservation of a free govern- 
ment. 

Sam Houston 




1 



Cultivated mind is the guardian 
geniuN of democracy. ... It is the 
only dictator that freemen acknowl- 
edge and the only security tliat free- 
men desire. 

Mirabeau B. Lamar 



utc 



•f P. 
29 1919 



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Visual Instruction Through Lantern Slides 
and Motion Picture Films • 

Introduction 

Psychologists tell us that eighty-five percent of our thinking 
comes from a visual stimulus. How many times have you heard 
this question in the schoolroom: "Don't you SEE what I 
mean?" Why does the teacher make this appeal time after 
time in almost every recitation, whether it be mathematics, his- 
tory, or English? She hasn't stopped to analyze. She knows 
that in her own mind her thinking is a question of seeing and 
that she understands Avhen she sees, and that, after all, thinking 
can be for the most part transformed into the pictorial element 
and that after she can get the student to see in terms of the 
pictorial then her purpose becomes suddenly accomplished. 

Visual instruction is, therefore, not a new method of teaching, 
but merely an attempt to emphasize and to clarify the proper 
use of the visual element in thought. It seems strange that a 
matter so vital and potent should have had so little attention 
from educators. It seems that we have been remarkably slow 
to realize that good teaching, because of some of the principles 
referred to above, must depend upon the visual appeal. 
Particularly can visual equipment be used in connection with 
the sciences, where diagrams and illustrations are so essential. 
Notwithstanding the seeming self-evident and overwhelming im- 
portance of the eye as an educational factor, education has been 
based upon the auditory sense and we have considered the eye 
as a subsidiary factor. For instance, how many schoolrooms are 
equipped with maps and pictures and charts and stereopticons 
and motion picture machines? What is the chief function of the 
blackboard in most schoolrooms? Unfortunately, not to help 
visualize, but as a cheap surface upon which to do problems, 
write descriptions, or explanations. 

Perhaps the most forceful example of the effectiveness of the 
visual in education came to us during the world war. That was 
a time when we were willing to cnst aside any habits or customs, 
provided a better way to accomplish a purpose quickly and effec- 




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Visual Instruction Tkroiujh Lantern Slides 5 

tively was found. Our army training was begun on the basis of 
our usual and old-fashioned educational policies. Fortunately, 
however, there were a few men who could see further, who could 
analyze more clearly, and who were willing to follow the rational 
conclusions forced upon them by evidence. As a consequence, 
the visual method of teaching was introduced into the army at a 
number of places and as a result, courses of training in various 
fields, from the prosaic marching drill to the most technical 
engineering work, were taught by the aid of pictures, still and 
motion; and, much to the surprise of even those who were re- 
sponsible for the change in method, courses that had been taking 
months for the average student to complete, were now finished 
in a few weeks with much better averages. This was because 
the simple law of our thought life was being followed, that is, 
the method of approach goes through the visual rather than' 
through the auditory. In other words, students SAW at once 
because the thing came to them through their eyes rather than 
through the indefinite terms of a lecturer. 

To assist schools and communities in promoting tne visual 
method in education, the Visual Instruction Division of the 
University Department of Extension serves as a loan bureau 
for lantern slides and motion picture films. Since the overhead 
expenses for such sendee are relatively large, we ask the cooper- 
ation of those served, by the payment of moderate fees, to help 
cover the upkeep and replacemeut of the equipment. In cases 
where such co-operation is a real burden to the user, the fees 
may be i-emitted by special arrangement. 

Lantern Equipment 

The Visual Instniction Division lends motion picture films, 
lantern slide sets, (including typewritten descriptive material 
from which lecture can be prepared) lanterns, (in cases whero 
schools are not yet equipped with lanterns) and mounted re- 
productions of paintings by representative artists. The Division 
supplies either gas lanterns for use with auto or motor cycle 
(Prest-0-Lite) tanks, or electric lanterns for use on the usual 
city or power line circuits, that is, 110 volts. 

Schools are urged to buy their own lanterns, as transportation 



6 



University of Texas Bulletin 



charges will soon amount to the cost of a good lantern. The 
operator then knows thoroughly how to operate the particular 
lantern, which sometimes can be kept set up and in focus until 
used again in the same room or auditorium. In any event it is 
always advisable to set up the apparatus, get the machine 
focussed and all arrangements made several hours before the 
time set for actual use. 

Curtains also will have to be secured by the user. An ordi- 
nary sheet stretched without wrinkles on the wall or on a light 
wooden frame will serve practically as vrell as any curtain we 
■•ould ship. In places where the curtain is left in position, a 
coat of white-wash will improve its efifectiveness. Another 
method is to use a large Avhite window shade, which can be 
rolled up and down as needed. 




Tlie Proper Light Effect on the Screen 

In adjusting the lantern, before placing a .slide in the holder, 
see that the light on the screen is perfectly uniform, as shown m 
(¥) in the illustration. If the screen appears as shown in 



Visual Instruction Through Lantern Slides 7 

(A), (B), (C), and so on, the source of light is not properly 
adjusted in relation to the condensing lenses and needs to be 
moved farther toward the left (A) or toward the right (B) up 
or down (C, D). If the screen appears as in (E), the source 
of light is either too far or too close to the condensing lenses. 
When once adjusted, the source, Mazda lamp, carbon a^-c, or 2as 
jet, should be clamped permanently in place. 

Coopemtive Lantern Buying 

No school in the present day should be without projection 
equipment. Every small school should own a stereopticon and 
larger ones should possess motion picture equipment which ac- 
comodates both slides and films. To the end of assisting schools 
in buying projection equipment, the Department has investi- 
gated the merits of the products of several manufacturers and 
is in a position to recommend equipment to be purchased. Tn 
addition, a special discount has been arranged for schools buying 
equipment through this Department. Catalogues of approved 
companies and the special discounts offered can be secured by 
inquiry through this Department. Lanterns which are ordered 
through this Department are shipped direct to the school. The 
cost of lanterns varies from $25 to $60. 

Motion Picture Equipment 

In motion picture equipment the Department recommends 
the "De Vry," costing about $200, where a portable machine is 
desired, or the ''Zenith," costing about $275, where portability 
is not a dominant factor. The latter is a semi-portable modeL 
Descriptive material will be sent on request. 



8 University of Texas Bulletin 

Complete Equipment 

This illustration shows the complete projection equipment: 
ArG-on lantern, operated by electricity, together with slide-case 
and slides. 







Conditions Under Which Slides are Lent 

Any school, club, church, or any responsible organization 
may, by observing the following regulations, obtain material 
from this Department. 

1. The use must be free to the people of the community, 
unless the money is to be used to purchase a lantern or slides, 
to pay the service fee or transportation charges, or for some 
definite school purpose. 

2. Transportation both ways is to be paid by the borrower. 
.•3. Repair and breakage of slides and lanterns while the 

'cquip-ment is in the borrower's possession is to be borne by the 
borrower. 

4. Slides and lanterns are lent for a period of five days. All 
schedules are made up on this basis. If one person keeps the 
slides overtime, someone else will be disappointed. Special ar- 
rangements can be made with the Department for an extension 
of time when desired. 



Visvxil Instruction Through Lantern Slides 9 

5. Do not change the numbering on the slides. If you find 
it necessary to i-earrange the slides for your lectures, kindly 
put them in proper order before returning. 

6. Fill out the Report Blank furnisliecl for this purpose. To 
save trouble, put the Report Blank, properly filled out, in the 
box when returning the slides. If the slides are shipped by 
parcel post, the Report Card must be sent back in a separate 
envelope as first-class matter. 

It is necessary for the Division to make reports, including 
the number of people reached by the service. For this reason, 
the report must he returned, however small the attendance. 

7. Any violation of these conditions subjects the user to 
removal from our service list. 

Prompt Shipments 

Patrons are urged to ship slides inuiiediately after they have 
used them. Very often, one user disappoints another l)y not 
getting the slides out on the first train. This is very embar- 
rassing, especially when the program has been announced and 
the audience assembles and there are no slides to show. Under 
the present conditions postal and express shipments are often 
delayed. Help the Departm.ent overcome thwse conditions as 
far as possible by making your shipments promptly. Return 
all slides at once to the University unless you have received 
other positive shipping instructions. 

Circuits 

In using the regular slide service, schools are urged to form 
circuits of neighboring schools, so that the slides may reach aa 
many people as possible before being returned to the Univer- 
sity. Slides may be sent from school to school until the circuit 
has been completed, thus reducing the express or parcel post 
charges and increasing the effectiveness of the service. 

Information as to state circuits organized by this ofiice will 
be mailed when prepared. 



j^O University of Texas BiUletin 

Programs 

A number of schools and organizations arrange for definite 
programs of slide sets or films running through several months 
or through a school session.- By this arrangement the borrowers 
are more apt to secure the exact sets desired, as we can reserve 
sets requested ahead of tinte. For instance, Mr. C. A. Bennick 
of Oakhurst arranged for the following program last session: 

March 17: Set 2, "Rural School Improvement in Texas." 

March 17: Film 21, "Ford Factory." 

March 24: Set 45, "Forest Conservation and Erosion." 

March 31: Set 44, "Volcanoes and Earthquakes." 

April 7: Set 25, "Bird Life." 

April 14 : Set AlO, " Trap the Fly. ' ' 

April 21: Set 18, "Tour of the United States." 

PICTURES 

Armouncemeut of Art ExJiibition Circuit Service for 
Public Schools 

"The Houston Art League Collection of Prints" will be sent 
out on a circuit of thii-ty-six schools, beginning January 1, 1920. 
This collection, which was recently presented to the Division of 
Visual Instruction of the University Extension Department by 
the Houston Art League, consists of thirty-five beautifully 
colored copies of some of the best paintings in the Chicago Art 
Institute. Most of the prints are 8"xl2", mounted on neutral 
toned card-board 14"xl9" and are arranged in groups according 
to the content of the picture. Full instructions for hanging the 
exhibit, including burlap background, hooks, etc., will accom- 
pany the pictures. A typewT-itten suggestive outline also ac- 
companies the pictures and a description is found on the back 
of each mounting card. This enables any teacher or other per- 
son, whether ha\ing art training or not, to properly handle the 
exhibit. 

It is required that the exhibit be held under the auspices of 
a school or some other responsible organization which can give 
sufficient guaranty that the material will be properly used and 



Visual Instruction Through Lantern Slides 11 

eared for. Tlie variety and interest of subjects, the harmonious 
colors, and the rank of the artists represented, make these pic- 
tures especially suitable for study and for exhibition purposes. 

You can secure this collection of prints for an exhibition in 
your school if you are willing to meet the simple regulations 
governing its use. There will be no charge for this service. 
Those to whom the exhibit Is lent must agree to prepay the 
express or parcel post charges to the next town on the circuit. 
This charge, including the packing, will probably not exceed 
one dollar. 

The exhibit will probably pass through your town. If you 
want to be included in the circuit, file your application at once, 
as the first thirty-six schools applying will be placed on this 
circuit. 

Fees 

Material circulated through this Department is either pur- 
chased and owned by the University or is lent to us for circula- 
tion. Fees are charged only for the upkeep and replacement 
of material used. In addition to ordinary deterioration, it is 
necessary that films be inspected by a specialist each time a reel 
is returned from a user, in order to repair any small breaks in 
the edges of the film that might cause serious trouble if used 
again without inspection. Slides also require constant attention. 
Broken slides should be paid for by those responsible. To assist 
in the upkeep of material and replacement, the scale of fee^ for 
lantern slide sets and motion picture films is as follows: 

Motion Picture Films 

Annual Service $15.00 

Individual Shipments 3.00 

Lantern Slide Sets 

Annual Service $ 5.00 

Individual Shipments 1.00 

When the annual service fee is paid the number of shipments 
per year is unlimited. In a city school system each ward school 



12 University of Texas Bulletin 

taking advantage of the service shall pay the fee. There is no 
objection on the part of the Department to schools charging a 
small admission fee to raise the amount of the sei*vice fee, for 
the purchase of projection equipment, or for paying transporta- 
tion charges on material. 

Where materials are used in furthering philanthropic move- 
ments, or whenever the fee is a real burden to the user (as in 
the case, it might be, of the smaller i-ural schools), arrange- 
ments can be made for remission of fees. 

Made-to-Order Slides 

Patrons of Visual Instruction Service often need a special 
slide or two for class work or other purpos&s ; for instance, the 
physics instructor has difficulty in making clear to the class the 
working of certain machines, or the instructor in literature de- 
sires to illustrate a sketch or view of the Elizabethan stage. The 
Department is equipped with an up-to-date laboratory for the 
making of slide sets for circulation among schools and clubs of 
Texas. Since patrons in the past have had difficulty in procur- 
ing made to order material from commercial laboratories, we 
offer to make up limited numbers of lantern slides provided the 
user furnishes the diagrams or pictures to be used. Slides can 
be made of pictures from books without damage to same, and 
can be hand colored when desired. 

List of Lantern Slide Sets Available for Service 

(Sets marked with an asterisk (*) have no lecture notes") 

Art 

Set Number Title 

12 Figure Painting 

14 Architecture 

15 Sculpture 

54 The Christ Child and the Madonna 

91 All Are Soldiers in a Democracy 

112 Children's Pictures for Children' 



Visual Instruction Through Lantern Slides 13 

Classical 

Set Number Title 

35 Rome (for beginners in Latin) 

36 Ancient Rome (for Latin and history classes) 

37 Greek and Roman Mythology 

Education 

1 The University of Texa^ 

2 Rural School Improvement in Texas 

3 Construction and Hygiene of School Buildings 

4 The Improvement of School Grounds 

5 The School House ns a Social Center* 

6 Socializing Activities of the School 

7 Consolidation of Rural Schools 

' 8 Rural School Buildings and Grounds 

9 Recreation : Plays and Games 

10 The New Era in Country Life and Country 
Schools 

All The Great Forward Movement in Education 

84 The Prevention of Blindness 

85 A Visit to the Texas School for the Blind 

Health 

AlO Trap the Fly 

28 Insects and Diseases 

29 The Cigarette 

30 Malaria 

31 Typhoid Fever 

38 Germ Diseases and Health 

39 Typhoid Fly Problem and Civie Campaigns 
52 Your Mouth and Your Health 

95 Tuberculosis 

122 Housing (Good and Bad Housing Conditions) 

123 Municipal Sanitation 

124 City Planning 

History and Patriotism 

38 George Washington 

91 All Are Soldiers in a Democracy 

92 Our National Symbols 

101 Story of the Flag 

102 The Bell and the Flag 
108 America and Destiny 

fSee also ClasMcal) 



14 University of Texas Bulletin 

Industries 

Set Number Title 

201 Phosphate 

202 Rubber 

203 Salt 

204 Copper 

205 Anthracite 

206 Cotton ]\Inniifacturing 

207 Iron Ore Mining 

208 Iron Ore Transportation 

209 Pig Iron 

210 Steel 

211 Lumber 

212 Paper 

213 Gold Mining 

214 American Silk 

215 Japan Silk 

216 Metal Money 

217 Ice Harvest 

Nature, Pliysical Geography, Science 

A9 Home Economies 

A12 Home Canning by the Cold Pack Method 

23a Physical Geography (Part One) 

23b Physical Geography (Part Two) 

25 Bird Life 

26 Forms and Colors of Flowers in Their Relation 

to Insect Visits 

27 Burbank's Plant Creation 

44 Volcanoes and Earthquakes 

45 Forest Conservation and Erosion 

83 Airplanes and How They Are Made 

Travel 

16 Panama Pacific Exposition 

17 Scenic Wonders of Our West , 

18 A Tour of the United States 

19 Around the World in Eighty Minutes 
20a The Panama Canal 

20b The Panama Canal 

21 Palestine and Syria 

22 Niagara Falls 

24 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado 

32 The Awakeniner Orient 



Visual Instruction Through Lantern SUdes 15 

S'et Number Title 



34 


Esypt, tlie Land of Pharoahs 


40 


Baylonia and Assyria 


41 


The Holy Land 


42 


Japan 


43 


Children in Different Lands 


93 


Chile 


94 


Jamaica 


105 


Grandeur of the Rockies 


106 


South America 


107 


Mexico 


108 


Central America 


109 


Alaska 


110 


India 




War Slide Sets 



61 Destruction of Famous Cathedrals and Chnrches 

by the Germans 

65 With Pershin2: in France 

68 Our Navy at Work 

69 Belgium, the Downtrodden 

70 French Soldiers 

75 Making the American Array 

76 Trainino: Onr Army in France 

77 Building a Bridge of Ships to Pershing 

79 -Airplanes and How They Helped to Win the 

War 

War Slide Sets With Lectures By Members of 
University Faculty 

49 Texas Food Products 

64 Y. M. C. A. as a Builder of Morale on the Battle 

Line 

66 Y. M. C. A. as a Builder of Morale in the Can- 

tonments 
88 What Our Boys Saw in France 

Bed Cross 

55 America's Opportunity 

56 Junior Red Cross 

57 Behind the Lines 

58 Mercy in War 

59 Women in War 



16 



University of Texas Bulletin 



Miscella/tieous 

Set Number Title 

53 Home Beautification* (Exterior and interior) 

124 City Planning 

131 Social and Economic Returns from Good Roads 

132 Maintenance of Dirt and Gravel Roads 

133 The Selection of the Type of Road Service 

Motion Picture Film Service 

The Bureau of Visual Instruction can furnish numerous films 
on industrial, educational, and travel subjects. Besides those 
films that belong to this Department, many agencies of public 
instruction and community motion picture bureaus have lent 
us many subjects. A film circuit is being arranged and appli- 
cations for films will be accepted at any time. Upon receipt of 
application and payment of fee (All industrial films lent us by 
the numerous agencies are not stihject to the fee), the applicant 
will be placed on our circuit list and will receive films as they 
come to this Department, not only the "short-time" material, 
but also all new material that is purchased or received. 

Suggested List of Motion Picture Films Obtainable 



Set Number 


Title Number of reels 


1 


America's Answer 5 


2 


American Expeditionary Forces 36 


3 


America's Red Cross 1 


4 


Building Highways 1 


5 


Child Welfare (U. of T. Extension 




Service) 1 


6 


Concrete on the Farm 1 


7 


Condensed Milk 3 


8 


Football Match (Argentina Republic) 1 


9 


Making Textbooks (Ginn & Company) 1 


10 


Holding On (Print G) 1 


11 


Holding On (Print V) 1 


12 


Lark in Factories 1 


13 


Our Bridge of Ships 3 


14 


Pershing's Crusaders 7 


15 


Price of Peace (Print CC) 5 


16 


1917 Recruits ,1 


17 


Soldiers of the Sea 1 


18 


Spirit of 1918 1 


19 


Training a Soldier (Print S) Parts 




4. 5. 6, 9, 15, 19. 20, 21, 22, 23. 




37, 38 12 



I 



Visual Instruction Through Lantern Slides 17 

Set Number Title Number of reels 

20 Training a Soldier (Print W) Parts 

2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 8a, 8b, 10a, 10b 8 

21 Turbine Grader 1 

22 War Review (Print GGG) 1 

23 War Review (Miscellaneous) 3 

24 War Review (Print M) 

Parts 25-31 (inclusive) 7 

25 War Review (Print AA) 

Parts 1-20 20 

26 Building the Roads of a Military- 

Cantonment 1 

27 From Coal Mine to Corn Field 1 

28 The Sugar Industry 3 

29 Muscle Shoals Plant 2 

30 Icy Hot Bottle 1 

31 How to Operate a Multigraph 2 

32 Evolution of a Stenographer 2 

33 Cincinnati As Seen by the Camera 1 

34 Box of Candy 1 

35 A Trip up Mount Lowe 1 

36 The Salmon Industry 1 

37 A Trip to Richmond, Virginia 1 

38 Winchester Arms 1 

39 Nuts That Nourish 2 

40 The Rubber Industry 3 

41 The Making of a Fountain Pen 2 

42 The Mutton Industry 1 

43 Bread, the Staff of Life 3 

44 The Story of a Grain of Wheat 1 

45 A Trip to the City of Baltimore 1 

46 A Trip to the City of Norfolk 1 

47 From Cow to Consumer: Dairying 2 

48 Manufacturing and Circulation of a 

Magazine 4 

49 The Making of a Watch Chain 1 

50 Treasures of the Incas 1 

Note: Bulletin No. 1730, "Visual Instruction through Lan- 
tern Slides and Motion Pictures" gives additional information 
about lantern slides and the operation of a stereopticou. Sent 
on request. 

Address all inquiries to: 

Division of Visual Instruction, 
University of Texas, 

Austin, Texas. 



Application Blank for Lantern Slides 
From University of Texas, Department of Extension. 



Slides wanted: Date Wanted, 

(First choice) Will return . . 



(Second choice) 



Shall we ship by Express or Parcel Post?. 

Shipping address 

Are we to send a lantern ? 

Is gas or electricity to be iised ? 

Remarks : 

Signature 

Institution Address 



THE UNIVERSITY OP TEXAS 
DEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION 
The Extension Department of the University of Texas, established 
in 1909, aims to extend the benefits of the University to the citizens 
of Texas who cannot, for one reason or another, attend the Uni- 
versity as resident students. The •wor'k of the Department is con- 
ducted under tlie following four divisions: — 

1. THE EXTENSION TEACHING DIVISION offers about 300 
courses by correspondence, many of such courses counting as college ^<<?> 
credits. Forty-five group-study courses are also offered that are 'iv ' 
specially adapted to the needs of women's clubs and similar organi- 
zations. Address inquiries to the Registrar, Division of Extension 
Teaching. 

2. THE PACKAGE LOAN LIBRARY DIVISION lends material 
over 4,000 subjects in the fields of art, education, politics, govt 
ment, sociology, literature, biography, and questions of the da 
citizens of Texas, upon request. Material on new subjects is 
stantly being added. The material is loaned upon application for 
a period of two weeks, the only charge being that the borrower pays 
the postage both ways. Address Package Loan Library, Department 
of Extension. 

3. THE DIVISION OF VISUAL INSTRUCTION lends lantern 
slides and motion picture films both to individuals, and also to 
schools and other organizations under the circuit plan. The Di- 
vision has 168 sets of lantern slides and 123 motion picture reels at 
the present time. A moderate fee is charged for this service to 
assist in the upkeep and replacing of material. Correspondence 
is invited. Addiess Division of Visual Instruction. 

4. THE SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY DIVISION includes the 
State organization of public schools known as the University Inter- 
scholastic League, designed to promote healthful school activities 
outside of the regular curriculum. The League conducts local, 
county, district and. State contests in debating, extempore speaking, 
declamation, essay-writing, spelling, and athletics. The membership 
fee in the League is proportioned to the size of the school. Nearly 
3,000 schools joined this organization last year. Every School in 
Texas should become a member and receive the benefits to be de- 
rived therefrom. 

This Division also conducts community and county educational 
campaigns particularly for the benefit of the rural schools. Such 
campaigns, usually arranged in co-operation with the county super- 
intendent of schools, are conducted by specialists in health, physical, 
and rural education. Correspondence regarding this service and the 
Interscholastic League is invited. 

Various bulletins relating to the Extension service have been pre- 
pared and will be mailed free to any citizen of Texas, upon request. 
Write for a list of free bulletins. 

"THE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION CAMPUS IS THE STATE OF 
TEXAS." If we can serve you in any way, do not hesitate to write 
us. Address general inquiries to 

E. D. SHURTER, Director, 
University Extension Department, 
Austin, Texas. 



